sent to the death of his lover and dismembered laughter

Annie room to kill a man, sent to the death of his lover and dismembered laughter (Figure)
Xe has a column field was "relaxed" chill wind so many people feel the onset of winter, and their loved ones. Winter and summer begin. Yesterday, the Peoples Court sentenced two Hefei Intermediate People murder for killing a boss smoking man Wang Lin was sentenced to death, the murder of his girlfriend Xu workers of hospital services has speakers also condemned to death, the court, Xu had a cylinder with a smile inexplicable. They said they will appeal. The point of playing basement smoker owner was killed yesterday morning, the trial court, training, training Hefei Intermediate People, crying the moment there are no interruptions. Crying, Ms. Wu, 37 years old, she and her husband opened a non-smoking hotel, happy life, why turn a man named Wang Ling. 27-year-old Wang Lin updates Ganggang when his father, but eat, drink, money habits of his family continues to change, the family is not usury lending. Furthermore, from their homes to steal wine (vintage Maotai), Cordyceps and things to sell for money. Before the incident, it must usury KINSUS star, 26, is a young father. In mid-April this year, Wang Lin was invited stars KINSUS theft impassable usury forced. See Wang generous master, they chose a king as a chief goal. At 22:00, on April 22 more minutes, Wang Lin, Wang boss will be fooled into its own in Anqing Road Ganxiu two, one in the basement, two brutal murders the king boss. Later, Wang Lin left the field, but also in preparation for the king back to the car Hefei boss sold. Wang boss, who is also more than 40,000 yuan in cash after the incident in Nanjing, "Heaven and Earth" and rent in Chuzhou spends. In addition, Wang Lin is also charged with credit card fraud - took the card at the ATM to change the password after the money. The verdict of the Father two newcomers brought the incident of the death penalty, the son of Wang Ling eight months, the daughter of King shook seven months, while the victim's daughter is looking forward to his father, three days after seven years. The court, Wang Lin and adviser of King seek does not appear. Their families did not attend. The judge read "the sentence as follows:" When everything went. "said Wang Ling guilty of robbery and sentenced to death, deprived of political rights for life ...... Star KINSUS guilty of robbery and sentenced to death for pardon for two years. King Star Master limited change ...... "To help the two plans to avoid the Inquisition Xu (Wang Ling students) was sentenced to two years in prison, the prison court. Meanwhile, verdict, Wang Lin, Wang Jing boys seek total of 397,000 yuan compensations for families. After the verdict, Wang Lin said that the juice treatment Rei said they do not apply. The point of playing "Superstition" for killing 58-year-old Xu, who lives in Chaohu looking for something the column had administrative villages of the lake, which he was in the hospital when humanitarian workers. The Court held that: Xu Reiko had a column with him for money, and even told the other men in the SEC played Reiko kill. March 20 this year, Xu had Reiko column will attract in the house that night while he was sleeping at the time, Xu has neck speakers Reiko with his hand, causing the suffocation death. Subsequently, opening corpses right knife and dismembered corpses. March 28 A groups of people fishing in the pond found the suitcase with the body of the crime. After the incident, the destruction of growth, Reiko 85 years old and father of 75 years and a mother only through "onychomycosis, the mole" These characteristics determine the identity of his daughter. Police confirmed the identity through DNA analysis Reiko. The verdict sentenced to death when speakers Xu went to court, sits reporter was surprised to find that even with the inexplicable smile. He told the court that he met Reiko is negotiating with other people kill their lives. His lawyer, said the discovery of infidelity Reiko and feudal superstition, to see their bones black or white, kill and quartered. In this respect, research cutting found no evidence to confirm that Reiko deceiving others of money, and so on. Reich infidelity to blame while the court had to determine. Before the incident, Xu had introduced him to the main columns of the object. Xe believes judges behaved column constituted intentional homicide, and extremely cruel means, as a result of what has been sentenced to death and executed immediately Xu column, and compensation for the deceased parents 33000000 yuan. After the verdict, Xu said that they have to turn the column. (Kong and China Xu Huang Yong Yu Xue-Chao text / photo) News matchmaking meet the woman, Bachelor Xu-chu your contacts, accounts for some time, in fact, brutally killing each other and dismembered postmortem. Yesterday, Hefei Intermediate Peoples Court hearing the case, the defendant has pleaded guilty Xu column. March 28, 2011 in the afternoon, a couple of men and women of middle ages came Juchao district Woniushan fish tanks nearby streets Liu Tong, only hooks hung black suitcase floating in the water. Boxes fishing on the coast, opened the box and found a corpse found, fearing that quickly called the police. After receiving the alarm, Juchao Public Security Bureau of Criminal Investigation Brigade and the district police station rushed to the scene and soon suspect was arrested Xu accounted column. Yesterday morning, according to the allegations of the prosecution, in early 2010, the defendant Xu trains through matchmaking and Lee (victim, a woman, 48 years) met on both sides of the communication process, due to economic reasons, the conflict, after Xu had a column that Lee Department fraud and money Gradually Lee resentment. March 20, 2011, the defendant Xu has speakers to lure the victim to the house to kill Lee, with the dismembered corpse leather knife shoemaker in Lee and Lee head with a hammer, smashed the skull. Later, Xu had a column after the dismembered corpses filled up to two and a bag snakeskin, were thrown to the District Tourism Juchao River area Zhegao the lake under the road bridge and the village Juchao Liu Jia Wu Woniushan street after a large pier in the pond. Clearly, Xu had to column 58, illiterate. In recent years, many hospitals in the city to work with sockets. XU village in the east, many people makes money with built construction, and Xu had columns remain a few brick houses in ruins. In a poor family, he never marry his wife. In the study, Xu has columns for the prosecution of the accused confessed. Xe Siu had said that his reason for killing Lee, Lee because he felt cheated of your money. Xe has an excuse column deceased was denied. It is clear that the militia was the main column Xu Li was looking for a receipt for the account name, and some gold jewelry and silver. Lee believes that the Xu family has a column of "murder." The victims families also collected more than 30 million civil compensations, but not forgive the accused. Speakers Xu said he is willing to compensate, but may not have the ability to provide compensation. Is not in court for sentencing. (Reporter Liu Xiaoping)

sent to the death of his lover and dismembered laughter

Annie room to kill a man, sent to the death of his lover and dismembered laughter (Figure)
Xe has a column field was "relaxed" chill wind so many people feel the onset of winter, and their loved ones. Winter and summer begin. Yesterday, the Peoples Court sentenced two Hefei Intermediate People murder for killing a boss smoking man Wang Lin was sentenced to death, the murder of his girlfriend Xu workers of hospital services has speakers also condemned to death, the court, Xu had a cylinder with a smile inexplicable. They said they will appeal. The point of playing basement smoker owner was killed yesterday morning, the trial court, training, training Hefei Intermediate People, crying the moment there are no interruptions. Crying, Ms. Wu, 37 years old, she and her husband opened a non-smoking hotel, happy life, why turn a man named Wang Ling. 27-year-old Wang Lin updates Ganggang when his father, but eat, drink, money habits of his family continues to change, the family is not usury lending. Furthermore, from their homes to steal wine (vintage Maotai), Cordyceps and things to sell for money. Before the incident, it must usury KINSUS star, 26, is a young father. In mid-April this year, Wang Lin was invited stars KINSUS theft impassable usury forced. See Wang generous master, they chose a king as a chief goal. At 22:00, on April 22 more minutes, Wang Lin, Wang boss will be fooled into its own in Anqing Road Ganxiu two, one in the basement, two brutal murders the king boss. Later, Wang Lin left the field, but also in preparation for the king back to the car Hefei boss sold. Wang boss, who is also more than 40,000 yuan in cash after the incident in Nanjing, "Heaven and Earth" and rent in Chuzhou spends. In addition, Wang Lin is also charged with credit card fraud - took the card at the ATM to change the password after the money. The verdict of the Father two newcomers brought the incident of the death penalty, the son of Wang Ling eight months, the daughter of King shook seven months, while the victim's daughter is looking forward to his father, three days after seven years. The court, Wang Lin and adviser of King seek does not appear. Their families did not attend. The judge read "the sentence as follows:" When everything went. "said Wang Ling guilty of robbery and sentenced to death, deprived of political rights for life ...... Star KINSUS guilty of robbery and sentenced to death for pardon for two years. King Star Master limited change ...... "To help the two plans to avoid the Inquisition Xu (Wang Ling students) was sentenced to two years in prison, the prison court. Meanwhile, verdict, Wang Lin, Wang Jing boys seek total of 397,000 yuan compensations for families. After the verdict, Wang Lin said that the juice treatment Rei said they do not apply. The point of playing "Superstition" for killing 58-year-old Xu, who lives in Chaohu looking for something the column had administrative villages of the lake, which he was in the hospital when humanitarian workers. The Court held that: Xu Reiko had a column with him for money, and even told the other men in the SEC played Reiko kill. March 20 this year, Xu had Reiko column will attract in the house that night while he was sleeping at the time, Xu has neck speakers Reiko with his hand, causing the suffocation death. Subsequently, opening corpses right knife and dismembered corpses. March 28 A groups of people fishing in the pond found the suitcase with the body of the crime. After the incident, the destruction of growth, Reiko 85 years old and father of 75 years and a mother only through "onychomycosis, the mole" These characteristics determine the identity of his daughter. Police confirmed the identity through DNA analysis Reiko. The verdict sentenced to death when speakers Xu went to court, sits reporter was surprised to find that even with the inexplicable smile. He told the court that he met Reiko is negotiating with other people kill their lives. His lawyer, said the discovery of infidelity Reiko and feudal superstition, to see their bones black or white, kill and quartered. In this respect, research cutting found no evidence to confirm that Reiko deceiving others of money, and so on. Reich infidelity to blame while the court had to determine. Before the incident, Xu had introduced him to the main columns of the object. Xe believes judges behaved column constituted intentional homicide, and extremely cruel means, as a result of what has been sentenced to death and executed immediately Xu column, and compensation for the deceased parents 33000000 yuan. After the verdict, Xu said that they have to turn the column. (Kong and China Xu Huang Yong Yu Xue-Chao text / photo) News matchmaking meet the woman, Bachelor Xu-chu your contacts, accounts for some time, in fact, brutally killing each other and dismembered postmortem. Yesterday, Hefei Intermediate Peoples Court hearing the case, the defendant has pleaded guilty Xu column. March 28, 2011 in the afternoon, a couple of men and women of middle ages came Juchao district Woniushan fish tanks nearby streets Liu Tong, only hooks hung black suitcase floating in the water. Boxes fishing on the coast, opened the box and found a corpse found, fearing that quickly called the police. After receiving the alarm, Juchao Public Security Bureau of Criminal Investigation Brigade and the district police station rushed to the scene and soon suspect was arrested Xu accounted column. Yesterday morning, according to the allegations of the prosecution, in early 2010, the defendant Xu trains through matchmaking and Lee (victim, a woman, 48 years) met on both sides of the communication process, due to economic reasons, the conflict, after Xu had a column that Lee Department fraud and money Gradually Lee resentment. March 20, 2011, the defendant Xu has speakers to lure the victim to the house to kill Lee, with the dismembered corpse leather knife shoemaker in Lee and Lee head with a hammer, smashed the skull. Later, Xu had a column after the dismembered corpses filled up to two and a bag snakeskin, were thrown to the District Tourism Juchao River area Zhegao the lake under the road bridge and the village Juchao Liu Jia Wu Woniushan street after a large pier in the pond. Clearly, Xu had to column 58, illiterate. In recent years, many hospitals in the city to work with sockets. XU village in the east, many people makes money with built construction, and Xu had columns remain a few brick houses in ruins. In a poor family, he never marry his wife. In the study, Xu has columns for the prosecution of the accused confessed. Xe Siu had said that his reason for killing Lee, Lee because he felt cheated of your money. Xe has an excuse column deceased was denied. It is clear that the militia was the main column Xu Li was looking for a receipt for the account name, and some gold jewelry and silver. Lee believes that the Xu family has a column of "murder." The victims families also collected more than 30 million civil compensations, but not forgive the accused. Speakers Xu said he is willing to compensate, but may not have the ability to provide compensation. Is not in court for sentencing. (Reporter Liu Xiaoping)

Zhongyuan Ceramics theory building workshops held in Yuzhou

Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research & Conservation Association Ceramics Branch was established Ceremony Zhongyuan Ceramics theory building workshops held in Yuzhou, Museum of Chinese characters secretary, Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research & Conservation Association, vice president of Ping Kejian, Provincial Science and Technology Heritage Studies and Protection Association, vice chairman Tan Lang Yu, researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of Henan Province, Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research & Conservation Association consultant Zhao Qingyun, Richland kiln CEO, Taiwan and China Ceramics Association, honorary chairman of the Chinese ceramic design artist judges Suzheng Li Yuzhou Municipal Committee, Publicity Minister Zhang Junhai and ceramic industry masters and scholars more than 40 people attended the ceremony.

Henan Province is rich in cultural heritage ceramic technology an important part of the cultural heritage. Henan Science and Technology as the cause of protecting cultural heritage research and a milestone in the development process of Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research and Conservation Association on September 23, 2011 in Henan Association for Science and Technology Museum was established. Since its establishment, the use of modern scientific methods and tools for integrated Henan cultural heritage analysis, research, repair and protect and promote the cultural heritage of Henan Science and Technology academic value, cultural value, economic value, educational value, prosperity and development of research and conservation work. In order to effectively promote the core of Henan Zhongyuan Ceramics history, culture, craft technology, art studies, historical and cultural site protection ceramics and ceramic art Plains development and promotion of the Provincial Association and the Provincial Science and Technology Heritage Research and Protection Association approval of the decision to set up the first branch of the ceramic.

At the meeting, all members passed the "Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research & Conservation Association Ceramics Branch charter (draft)", the election of Henan University of Chinese ceramics culture Research Institute, Professor Wei Wang as club president.

After the grand opening ceremony, Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research & Conservation Association branch president Wei Wang ceramic pottery with Taiwan and China Association honorary chairman Suzheng Li associations representing the two sides signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement.

"Yuzhou ceramic culture has a long history, contemporary ceramics, colorful, Henan Science and Technology Heritage Research & Conservation Association Ceramics Branch cum Zhongyuan Ceramics theory-building workshop was held here, is outside the province ceramic arts and cultural sector, academia Yuzhou City of ceramic history and rich cultural heritage of the highly praised. Yuzhou municipal government will be absolutely determined to promote the area of ​​ceramics research and conservation of cultural heritage. "Yuzhou Municipal Committee, Publicity Minister Zhang Junhai told reporters.

In the subsequent meeting Zhongyuan Ceramics theory building seminar, Henan Science and Technology Ceramic Cultural Heritage Research & Conservation Association branch president Wei Wang Wei Wang Zhongyuan Ceramics introduces the origin of civilization, the formation, development and impact, and that of the Central Plains ceramics, the study of the Central Plains culture, the history of world civilization, ceramics and so has important theoretical and practical significance. China Arts and Crafts Master Kong with the Department of State highlighted green blue glaze copper base and historical significance of the craft, Chinese ceramic artist GUO Ai and focused about Luoyang three color theories framework. The experts and scholars believe that the root view of Zhongyuan Ceramics pulseless, native, made endogenous, relative independence from nature, dilated, radiation resistance and the associated absorption of innovation, as Zhongyuan Ceramics Theory System Construction has laid a solid history and the era foundation.

Subsequently, the participants have come to the Zhongyuan Ceramics Museum, Museum of Yuzhou Jun Porcelain Kiln Street, etc. Shenhou visit.

Around 18 strange Chinese ceramic industry

Son does not say, blame the first place. ("The Analects of Confucius described the": Inherit strange, power, chaos, God) What is strange? "Said the text" says different, "Rhyme," said Qi. "Kangxi" another interpretation: OK said the strange strange strange appearance of strange Yiyue, Simon said strange things evil. Where this Qizai things different too, as both the "On balance" so-called "sly to the public and prominent" also. The blame for the strange, upside down to common sense, perverse violation of the world situation, Wise men kept regardless. However, its extension to the limitations of thinking, an eye-opener to the new environment, but also to talk Zuo, Hyun knowledge, able to Miaoli enlightening, humorous entertain the people, is the man in the street and talk of hi, anecdotes, by extension. Although technical trail, there are far-reaching.
Since the "Yunnan 18 odd" explosion was daimyo, the local competition from "18 odd", a splendid sight. Which depicts the world around dripping, tracing every minute of human sensibilities, enough to incorporate sociological research areas. I do not surmise shortage ugly, inventory Chinese pottery industry "18 strange," or words of its large office, or give their details, induction comb, also widely heard "two years have witnessed a strange situation." The so-called "surprising, since the defeat of its strange", the fruit may wonder that? Is also strange.
The first strange: Foshan brand in the country. Emerging areas everywhere, but almost without exception, are playing under the banner of Foshan ceramic brand. Therefore created such a strange phenomenon, many areas of the enterprise in Foshan register a company name, they openly called Foshan brand in the local production of tiles. Foshan country are playing cards, it not wonder that? ,
The second strange: Brand name engage the cottage. Ceramic industry named "Pong big" a very serious problem. Some parts of the low-end ceramics market, tend to assemble a large number of cottage brand. They are well-known brand name and LOGO on slightly increase or decrease in the general mess twin brother's identity. So large, resulting in some areas rife cottage. Claim kinship Pong large, flooded, it not wonder that?
The third strange: foreign names get together Intuit worship. West of the city, town, mythological figures often become brand names, product names sources. Learn Chinese All tile brands, you can put the Western historical geography again, it not wonder that?
Fourth strange: mud as gems sell. Exquisite workmanship of ceramic products, the value of the same can be tens of thousands, like precious stones as sold. Ceramic value up shot, it offers more possibilities tile development. Cheap to sell expensive, it not wonder that?
Fifth strange: wood with real wood race. Ceramic tile wood, Imitate, imitation leather, able to achieve lifelike, so that consumers, and even professionals, glance, difficult to distinguish between true and false. Spurious false can it not strange peace?
Sixth strange: the boss returning to brick belt. Business owners who previously participated in Bologna, Italy Ceramics Exhibition, rod box when returning often put on a lot of tile samples. Of course, now the bosses quit this thing, do not large entourage, thank modern technology, we all take pictures with the camera directly. Full imitation of it not strange peace?
Seventh strange: export frequently encounter obstacles. In recent years, the international community against China's anti-dumping ceramic industry after another, from the EU to South America, to Southeast Asia, the all-out war, it not wonder that? ,
Eighth strange: bad market mutual blame. The rapid rise of the building materials market, poured into a plethora of companies and businesses, once the market is stable or fluctuating, often blame each other confuse the market, resulting in the formation of "no one does not curse, no not injustice" situation, it not strange peace?
Ninth strange: star to help everyone loves. Market bleak, but a gang of Hong Kong and Taiwan music star. Film stars, sports stars, is still the corporate terminal promotion to attract popular magic. But often, the real fewer customers, the star many fans. Earned a yell, lose sale, it not wonder that?
Tenth strange: about each stroke of success or failure. An enterprise often have several brands, each brand will set up sales teams, each for red performance and Internet poaching also well understood. Team of civil war, it not wonder that?
Eleventh strange: hall race than style. Hall marked a star are marked to seven, eight stars, nine star afraid too far away. Competition extravagant, exaggerated, almost it not strange?
Twelfth strange: the flow of talent but not outside. Frequent flow of talent ceramic industry, enterprises employing eclectic, corporate Zhuchaoyinfeng talent greener pastures. No sectarianism, rarely Conditions apply it not wonder that?
Thirteenth strange: the rich uncle much debt. Small between individuals, ranging from enterprises and between evolved into the new era and mom and Yangbailao relationship. Money can also not also, do not have wonder that?
Fourteenth strange: Awards are big caps. Outside the industry year awards issued to ceramic enterprises at least more than 10,000, if the company did a good job, a year down the medals can be covered with a wall. And awards were the first scary, frequently ten hundred, famous brand, but often, a large hat, hat head is very small. Unworthy of the name, it not wonder that?
Fifteenth strange: research and innovation speed. Ceramic industry patents a year do not know where, presumably the number of lot. Yesterday development, today produced every day, engaged in innovation, it not wonder that?
Sixteenth strange: porcelain pottery stand in a row. I had to statistics, from south to north, from east to west, claiming porcelain pottery city more than fifty. Preferences are for the king called it not wonder that?
Seventeenth strange: every promotion is not slack. Do not you see, some of the store door "crazy promotion last three days," the ads will never remove too. No market access and promote the cycle does not sell it not wonder that?
Eighteenth strange: difficult elimination of backward production capacity. On national policy, there are associations appealed, but some high energy consumption, low efficiency of enterprises still showed survival tenacity and toughness. Transformation for several years, in addition to chronic illness is difficult, it not wonder that?
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How to use porcelain bubble identification

The author of the collections were of different ages porcelain bubble contrast identified the following results:

Early Ding Song melon ribbed tank black glaze (soil leaching) 60%
Song Ru three-foot high furnace black 10%,
Flower Song Yaozhou six oral disc A majority of 30% black,
Song Yaozhou six spend most of yellow mouth plate B 20%
Only the Song Dynasty Longquan Kiln censer hump with yellow dead bubbles,
Yuan Dynasty blue and white bagui beast twisted tank (cover transparent glaze almost no dead air bubbles),
Feng Yuan powder enamel vase with flowers first flat edge of a large air bubbles. Almost no deaths

Qing Yuan Dynasty blue and white glaze small mouth cans black 10%,
Yongle and Red Ceratophyllum pattern Jar Brown 10%
Ming Xuande Hai Ma gall type porcelain blue and white pattern dark brown 8%
Chenghua blue and white bowl of dark brown 20% wind spinning,
Jiajing B Dynasty magistrate Xu (Wang a few) made blue, flower octahedral first ears xianwen vase yellow 8%
Ming Dynasty Dragon Jar multicolored yellow 40% efficiency,
Ming Dynasty blue and white gold yellow 10%, the amount retained by the Qing Emperor Kangxi blue and white double yellow tank 8%
Ji House Kangxi blue and white peony wind wear brown bottles to taste 8%
Kangxi colorful foliage shall cover an aggregate figure of 8% yellow,
Yongzheng dish brown imitation Chenghua doucai 10%
Yongzheng and Qianlong Celadon melon ribbed anti-bottle brown 8%
Jiaqing half bowl paragraph multicolored bubbles even music found dead,
Tongzhi died multicolored bubbles basically no beneficial cooperation,
Dynasty blue and white saucer four (half section) poor glazed yellow 16%
Tongzhi Soviet government Booty paragraph knife horse people tasted bottles one pair, the basic no death bubble,
Guangxu group glaze gilt dragon vase basic no death bubble,
Republic of imitation Yongzheng Yang first bottle no death bubble,
Republic of birds poem water column no death bubble,
Republic of birds poem medicine mortar no death bubble.

     From the above table analysis, although the life history of each porcelain different, but can be roughly summarized as follows: the Song Dynasty porcelain bubble more deaths have been mostly black, a few brown, yellow; Yuan Dynasty porcelain enamel varies due to bubbles; Ming glazed over as hypertrophy Yongle, Xuande porcelain glaze bubbles all have a stronger ability to protect, death bubbles mostly brown. Died early and mid-Qing Dynasty porcelain bubble mostly yellow, light yellow; late Qing, the Republic and modern porcelain basically no death bubble. Bubbles in the process of dying by the light becomes dark, the texture of water Ying-shaped into a solid shape, with glazed damage, and some has become a black hole. Changes porcelain bubble development process with the improvement and increase of porcelain which changes, there are also quantitative and qualitative relationship between the typical bubble dynasty the results are qualitative, the quantitative phase, the bubbles transition phase change, should be sufficient attention. Therefore, in addition to the typical dynasty outside the bubble should be affirmed; transitional stage on the edge of the bubble in particular should study and certainly vesting; combined with other dating dating standard for accurate identification.

    Whether ancient or modern porcelain porcelain, porcelain glaze are many hidden tiny bubbles. Round, thick covered with glaze, very nice. However, not all have as much glaze bubbles, bubbles and some more, some less bubbles, some even without bubbles. Why is this? The possibility of using the morphology and distribution of bubbles to distinguish different porcelain and modern porcelain, porcelain dating to distinguish the authenticity of it?

    I hold a lot of research for this purpose various dynasties of genuine artifacts, a careful comparison, to find out the difference, for the identification of porcelain to explore a new path.

True and false identification of blue and white porcelain

Porcelain is a great invention of our ancestors, in the end when it arises, academia controversial. Some people think that there is in the Shang Dynasty. The unit where I exhibited a 1970s statue, when I still do not understand what is porcelain, there is a porcelain experts say this is called. I say this porcelain porcelain is not the same now, he said, is not the same, very rough time, that is, there are some on the glassy surface of things, so some experts say that this should be called the original porcelain porcelain, but some experts think this is pottery occasional. As occurs in the end is how, this is something the experts, has nothing to do with us. In short original porcelain is generated before the Jin Dynasty, called primitive celadon. To the Jin Dynasty, they began to appear white glaze, butter glaze, and the Tang Dynasty Changsha secret color porcelain glaze color, as well as the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, are done manually color porcelain, is a human can control The. These collectors called the old kiln porcelain. Appeared to Yuan Dynasty blue and white, underglaze red and red and green color. Today I will mainly talk blue and white porcelain. Some experts believe that the blue and white porcelain produced in the Tang Dynasty, also suggested that produced in the Song Dynasty. To the Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain has matured.

Most of our modern collectors received is the Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelain. Nearly a century porcelain called the new porcelain. From porcelain speaking, a single glaze, painted enamel. Painted in blue and white are the most abundant, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty until now nearly 700 years, the blue and white porcelain in the mainstream.

Stresses must mention porcelain blue and white material, blue is blue cobalt oxide compound, belonging underglaze color. What is the underglaze color? Its production process simply involves pulling the blank out, and so did cobalt oxides up painting, unfinished cast a layer of glaze, re-kiln, firing a 1260 degrees. In the last lecture in which I mentioned "five nine square method."

1, nine aspect, the fourth aspect is the color. The late famous porcelain connoisseurs Sun Chou gentleman, the Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelain identified as having a deep research, he made a lot of effective methods. Which Sunlao observed by blue and white, blue and white colors of the separation of the two dozen. If we figure out the blue and white colors on our identification and detection of forgeries will be of great benefit. Why are there so many blue and white colors do? Because in a few hundred years, the blue and white porcelain production is the mainstream, so in a very long time, in different historical stages of green material sources and different texture, coupled with production techniques and other reasons, for the blue and white color quality, coloration colors have had different effects. Because of this, the quality of the rendered blue and white, color, style, there must be significant differences, artistic effects are bound to be a strong characteristic of the times. Differences in these characteristics for the identification of blue and white porcelain dating provides an important basis, so Identifier source for green material, grade, hair color, coloring understand the ins and outs is the basis for identification of blue and white. When we picked up a blue and white porcelain, the first thing you see is its shape, and then see is the blue and white artistic effect, which is intuitive feelings. Results common bright, bright, dark, scattered halo, elegant, structured, rigid, sluggish and other words to summarize, the formation of these general terms, is the blue hair color quality, coloration shades and painting complex. What is a hair color? What is the coloration? These two colors are kind of relationship, subject to the constraints of what conditions? This is would like to introduce. Hair color is green material chemical changes in the roasting process, coloration is green material presented after firing intuitive feelings. There are several colors coloring constraints: first, hair color, and the second is the Fetus, and the third is the glaze. Fetus is glazed inside the tire son, fetal child yellow, white, blue and white soft and hard are right to some extent. The quality of the glaze, color and thickness have an impact on the coloring. Hair color constraints: the first is green material, and the second is the application of technology, and the third is the calcination temperature. Technology is applied in the painting when painting work how. If dipped in pigment are the same, drawing a line force uniform, blue and white is a color after burning out, otherwise there will be shades of blue and white colors. Another is the calcination temperature should be 1260 degrees. The same green material, if the temperature is too high, the color black; temperature is too low, a little hair green. Another point of special circumstances, is pure blue and white porcelain, and its hair color, coloring are the same, if after the second firing, which once again into the furnace, the color than the secondary furnace went into deep, like the later red, green, blue and white color, beans, color and so on. Besides green materials, green materials affected by three aspects, first component, the second is the purification, and the third is the preparation. My main problem, said composition. Mainly composed of cobalt oxide, it sends the color is blue, which contains a certain amount of manganese oxide, there is an iron oxide, referred to as iron oxide. The higher content of cobalt blue more positive and less on the content of gray hair. Manganese content is high, blue and white to blue or blue-purple in the pan in the red. High content of iron oxide blue hair color to black. Mr. Sun Lao separation of the two dozen blue and white colors, he sometimes a look at the color to know about what era.

In the absence of dating before, you have to remember the Ming and Qing Dynasty emperors. Where's off if you do not know, then how to live? Early Ming emperor, "Hongjian Yong Xuan Hung," namely Hongwu, Jianwen, Yongle, Hong Xi, Xuande. Jianwen with Hongxi without porcelain. "Three are Sedum" that is orthodox, Jingtai, Skyway, which was three dynasties called "blank period", also called "dark period", says this period is not porcelain. I do not agree with these two terminologies, I called "Ming three generations." Because this period does have porcelain. "Into the Hong Zhengde continued," is the mid-Ming, Serve technology, Hongzhi and Zhengde. Chenghua porcelain in the Ming Dynasty is the most prominent. "Late in the Lung Wan" is the Jiajing, Khanh, Wanli, we call in the late. "Tai Cheong Chong Apocalypse", namely Tai Cheong, apocalypse, Chongzhen, we called late Ming, Tai Cheong period in which no porcelain, because he was a total of 29 days when the emperor. Ming is 277 years, it was also considered that 276 years, I compiled unhesitatingly stream said to be "270 years" is only an approximate number. There are 10 Qing emperors, namely Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu, Xuantong. Qing Qing Dynasties porcelain is based. Here I will order at times to tell you about the specific situation.

Since the founding of the Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang Hongwu reign as scheduled, so the Hongwu Hongwu porcelain blue and white porcelain called. Since the Yuan Dynasty of war, founding the early Ming porcelain production is not much success. My favorite one pupil cups, its hair color more stable, virtually no scattered halo, coloration is indigo. I started to put it into the Hongwu pre-set, then please read my master Geng old, he said that this flower painting called a stipple is a stroke, the part of large freehand. Tire soil is light khaki, soft texture, shape is very rough, so it can be seen as the Yuan and Ming porcelain. Yuanmomingchu eventful, founding the beginning, undone, fear in Porcelain attend to, so the development of porcelain production less than inheritance. At this time of green materials are made in China, coloring the tone is light blue, but not very good because of the quality and purification, so among the pan-gray light blue hue. Overall quality porcelain early Hongwu is not high, and the Yuan Dynasty porcelain is difficult to distinguish, within the academic community that this is a transition, so the identification of them, there is a "Yuanmomingchu" one said. This sake cup diameter is 4.8 cm, height is 4.8 cm, belonging to folk stingy. I come when broken into nine, there are shortages, and later restored. This thing indeed very valuable, but for me, I'm on this one, basically fairly complete, the important question is that it is Yuanmomingchu specimens. In identifying them, we can take this as reference, can think in terms of the positive, the next can think of Yongle, Xuande, so I think my sake cup is a wonderful thing. Hongwu Period blue and white porcelain production levels have not seen the writing section of the kiln pit official. It is said that time has the kiln, but have not seen the word money, so you see if the "big Hongwu" the funds porcelain, you put it as a fake is not the problem.

I also engage in addition to identification of repair, I put ceramic restorations divided into six steps, called the six-step repair method.

2, where the fourth step called complement with that bond the pieces together and then put it short and crack fill level. "Six-step" is mainly used for repair pottery. As for the repair porcelain, generally only to the fourth step, the latter dithering and do the old two-step, due to material and other reasons, do not do it. Today I bring restoration tiles, is to do so.

Hongwu after Yongle, Xuande period, blue and white has made great progress, their main feature is the use of mud Bo Su Qing (or called Subo mud green, Su Ma Li Qing). Su Bo Green clay is a green material imports, with a higher proportion of cobalt and iron, and manganese content is low. Hair color thick, easy halo scattered, but scattered very natural. Coloration tone is cyan, shallow as sky blue, indigo depths are, dense plaques occurring iron and cobalt. The iron cobalt blue plaques are Su Bo mud characteristics. Hi collections will Su Bo green mud material referred to as the Soviet Union. So what are the characteristics expected it? Generally speaking Soviet material should thoroughly Fetus is concave. We look at it this way color is black, but you welcome light side when it is not the color. Sideways, first, you can see that it is more concave down, and that it is not anti-light black light, but tin light. If the material is not the Soviet Union, then you welcome light side or black light. Therefore, we again see such a situation, when I hope to see you sideways. This was the iron and cobalt indigo spot where we touch is generally uneven. Its uneven no law, because what is it? First, the quantity, and second, tire repair, there is no law. End of the Qing Tongzhi years, when the kind of large-type, you start feeling it is not flat. But that is not the same grievance with this injustice, this injustice is no law. Tongzhi you feels there is a pattern of uneven, like waves like, jargon is called the wave inside the glaze children. That is the glaze problems, we give two separated. In all fairness it, iron-cobalt spot should belong to the emergence of raw materials and workmanship problem is inadequate. However, this lack of appreciation in the eyes of those who fly in the ointment is neither considered, nor that it is porcelain does not cover flaws, and finds it is a special artistic effects, such as Ge same. Everyone knows the saying goes jumped magnetic child that opened a lot of the above piece children's burned out of porcelain. But then it is a Song craftsmen who can not, he took advantage of this weakness becomes, and become one of five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, we believe that identification is not never declared porcelain time, this plaque is the identification of iron-cobalt time basis, but also an important basis for one.

This bowl is called butterfly bowl lotus scrolls, but also my repair. Blue and white bowl on the blue is blue is blue in a little pan schungite. Color with a shallow depth, thick at the cobalt spots. Bowl fetal child is thin, while I would say why thin problems. Son thin tires, tire repair very structured, glaze is pale, and very moist. This device is a foot outside the write-style exterior, write out. The other is this place called inner knuckle, knuckle This place has a plot, including the glaze, the color is blue shrimp. Foot inside the end of the glaze is inlaid white children, two of the glaze is not the same, it is washed out and thin. So we can say that this bowl is in the late Yongle porcelain. Su Yi halo bulk material, so use it to draw thin lines or characters where these subtle eye brows are not used to. But using it to paint the flowers or foliage die size, with certain characteristics. This one is called magpie Teng branches, it is more able to reflect the characteristics of Soviet material. The colors appear heavier, but I have just said it expected that the above cobalt Bambi Sue that obvious. Like this painting magpie, obviously it is called scattered halo. It would have been very clearly drawn, but because this material sideways scattered, so it looks somewhat vague. This is the material characteristics of the Soviet Union. Some people say never declared, regardless of the original, that is, regardless of Yongle and Xuande porcelain. In fact, it can not be divided? Some places still able to score. Take these two bowls compare these two bowls a head almost. We have a way to identify which is called hand head. What is it called hand head? That these two bowls take up a weigh hand, a little heavier this bowl, this bowl hand head becomes lighter than it. Why is it important that it is light, it is a question of child birth. Yongle bowl abdomen when relatively thin, Xuande bowl when relatively thick belly. This how to judge it then? Sometimes we write to pen, mouth to say do not know. So you want to touch, you are so touched, they took out the thick, the thin. So never declared these two periods can still distinguish porcelain. So I just said this material may be Zheng He's seven voyages to bring back. As of today could not find the origin. Later, Zheng He no less than Western, this Soviet source material cut off. In the early Ming Dynasty, when it has such features blue and white porcelain gradually gone.

To Chenghua years, the emergence of a new green material, called equality green. Equal green appears, blue and white artistic appeared another new look. Let's first talk about the Soviet Union on the front of the green material mud Bo has a summary. So this material because of its special artistic effects, to the Ching Ming, when people began to imitate. After the late Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, the Republic, until today, there are people imitation. So, some people say he bought the Xuande things, we say it is a fake, he cheated. Well, for this material in the end how the Soviet Union to conclude it, three. In fact, I just talked about, we repeat. First, look at this dark spots mark is not natural. This is how I say it? This material because there is no Soviet Union, then the cobalt spot to get out, how to do? Respect to the above point pen, with some black color of the material to the above points. Points out, then you look unnatural. Second, this is the depth Fetus spots is not, meaning that the spots on its surface it is, or deep into the inside of the tire. Thirdly, it is welcome that introduced me to the light side have the same color of tin. Please note that these three points we can. Because then there is no such material, even if you re-dyed, indeed you had that effect can not be achieved. It probably 67 years ago, someone asked me to see something, took such a big bowl. I told you this is false, and I wrote the following words to say bowl - "Da Ming Xuande years." He said: "how do you know?" I said: "You are Xuande bowl." "Yes, I am this is the Xuande bowl." I said: "But you this bowl is false." And I more clearly, This bowl is in the 80s, when Jingdezhen copy something. Results passed around, it became really pass up, went by really going to sell. It is said that he spent about 50 thousand dollars.

Chenghua dynasty, it is said that the Soviet Union still have a little material. But I really kind of porcelain have not seen before. Chenghua period porcelain, blue and white artistic effect is most elegant and soft, ethereal and refined such a style. This quiet and elegant style is a favorite Chenghua porcelain descendants most important reason. This period of green materials used in the name of equality called green, also called Potang green. This green material produced in the river Desiree Carolina. Produce this effect equality green flower art by many factors: the iron less this green material, and manganese are relatively more; hair color stable or stabilized, no floating sensation; coloring the blue pan schungite; tire porcelain of this period the child is white, glazed child is fat and thoroughly, with equality can draw relatively thin blue ornamentation came. So color seem elegant, soft, giving a Yunzhewuzhang, looming misty feeling, people feel that there is a sense of mystery Chenghua porcelain. This is the Chenghua porcelain charm.

This thing I call for the whole plant flower graphic bowl. Some say this bowl painting called okra, because I do not know plants, this is not okra I can not say it. I call it the right flowers, whole plant flowers. Its color is essentially stable. Coloring is blue in the pan a little gray, blue pan schungite, thick black blue office. But it is by no concave down, it is flat. Enamel moist, fetal child is white. If you learn identification, then, to look at the tiles children, your child from the tiles to see on see clearly. Among the white glaze is glowing blue, white and Fan Qing. Hand touch it on the surface, in some places up the drums, but did not feel concave down. These are equal green features. Here to tell you about the whole plant flowers. Flowers should be from which parts of it? Have roots, stem, branches, leaves, flowers, a dynasty in any other among them paintings of flowers are not the root, except when Chenghua painted flowers have roots. This is the Chenghua period painting flowers characteristics. So with this feature, we identified Chenghua porcelain has found a proof. Chenghua period porcelain there is a feature that is fine kilns kiln, and does not have much difference. According to the pattern of this specimen, as well as glaze, enamel, blue and other terms are Chenghua kilns makers. Indeed, Chenghua boutique than the kiln kilns is also rare. At that time I got this when tiles child, how that piece of porcelain dating I was pretty hesitant. It is not really Chenghua porcelain? Especially the latter exhausted, wrote "Da Ming Chenghua made." Its relatively illegible font, nor regular. Later, according to Sun Ying Chow spoken gentleman method, using 15 times the magnifying glass to see if it's money word this place. It is glazed inside bubbles child children intensive, like misty clouds. This phenomenon is fully integrated specific porcelain. Out of prudence, I invite Geng old over the head, Geng old said it was Chenghua porcelain. So let's put it this child fragments as Chenghua kilns boutique. Mr. Sun Yingzhou right Chenghua porcelain has a brilliant evaluation, he thinks Chenghua porcelain Taizhi delicate purity, shiny glaze, such as fat, soft colors, smooth strokes, modeling Brisk beautiful, delicate like a table.

Chenghua porcelain occupy a place in the history of porcelain, is very important. There is a saying among the porcelain appreciation called "Ming as of the Qing Yongzheng look" that is best for porcelain, it is Chenghua Ming porcelain, Qing Yongzheng porcelain is best, which proves that the ceramic sector into the importance of porcelain and treasured. It is because of Chenghua porcelain by the descendants of people of all ages, so when someone from the Jiajing imitation, imitation later dynasties have, until now. Among the Qing Yongzheng finest imitation, they Pa, shape, glaze, color, painting, and other aspects of child models are noted, are the pursuit of Chenghua style, the effect is quite good, almost lifelike.

Yongzheng porcelain has written "Da Ming Chenghua" the funds, that is the imitation goods can not be called fake. Because it is outside pastels, pastels are only some of the Kangxi. It is exhausted written quite beautiful, but really Chenghua porcelain with a ratio of its flaws came out. To the late Qing Dynasty, many porcelain are the words "Da Ming Chenghua years" or "Chenghua years." I'm in the identification process, often someone says he is Chenghua porcelain, and I said no, because it is above the word is very scratchy, can not simply look exhausted but also in other areas. In addition, the Chenghua period porcelain no "Chenghua years" This four-character models, do have "big next year made" or "big next year the system."

There is also a saying in the identification of a Philip regardless Serve technology, Hongzhi these two periods, regardless of porcelain, porcelain because of these two periods is not much in terms of quality differences. Why is there such a phenomenon does  Chenghua dynasty emperor Jiaozhu see deep, when he was in when the prince married a concubine surnamed Wan, Wan Fei 18 years older than he. Later, when the Emperor Zhu see deep, did not she stand for the Queen, but Wan Fei in the harem forces greater than Queens. Wan Fei was born a son, but the three-year-old died after she never fertility. Jealousy may be in a harem concubine who became pregnant, she should let abortion. Later, Zhu see deep in the harem DragonBooks saw a palace, the palace was originally a small square in Guangdong princess of the country, the country was destroyed after the palace when the ladies get the results of this palace became pregnant. Wan Fei ladies on a not too aware that when profiling after Wan Fei knew it, he ordered with a hook to hook out from the mother to the fetus. Hook will kill out later, when protected by eunuchs, concubines have been protected up. To the child five years old, Zhu see deep lamented that he has no time after which the eunuch took the opportunity to tell him that you have a son. This is not my apocryphal, I checked the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty Empress pass some records, Emperor Hongzhi said above there is a place on the head without hair, is the hook hook. Zhu see deep son Jiaozhu tang.

Why do I say that such a piece of history it  reasons: First, Wan Fei great forces in the harem, Zhu see deep and very polite Wan Fei. Wan Fei preferences small delicate objects, including porcelain. As of Ming, a look at its blue and white; two doucai see it is in the womb of the above, for example, want to draw a bird, could only draw the legs and head, but the body is not painted, and then cast a layer of enamel to burn , burnt out from the other colors filled up and then burned the body. Cockfighting is now the most famous is the bowl, cup cockfighting, cock fighting cylinders, something like this is probably one pair at the auction house on more than one million. So Chenghua porcelain was probably connected with Wan Fei have a certain relationship.

Second, Zhu tang can be said that only a narrow escape when the emperor, his understanding of folk's woes. After he became emperor more or less to reduce the number of civil burden of porcelain are no longer forced to. This forms the accepted thing Hongzhi Period mostly Chenghua, because he himself is no innovation, and this is a great one, regardless of the reasons.

 come up with a bowl of chip this is Hongzhi Period bowl, I gave it the name "Spring Dance", which is kilns makers. Its blue color is not stable, there are scattered halo, especially in the mouth along the more obvious. Coloration is gray-blue, pale hues comparison, glazed white gray middle glowed blue, cyan foot shrimp within the knuckle. Foot wall prescribe text strings, two distance between the text strings. Man on top of a relatively faint chord, bottom chord text a relatively heavy. The screen may be a bowl 8 young man, in this bowl can be seen on sheet 4, since this is half the bowl, it may be 8. They are wearing gown, dance, dance stretch graceful, coordinated action. The background is a relatively flat land port, also painted a lot of switchgrass, living in harmony with the entire screen showing a spring outing peaceful atmosphere. This is a realistic folk art, from the entire screen to see, uninhibited Hideitsu tattoo lines, compared to some of Chenghua device becomes deep. From the Yuan Dynasty painting figures like there, then most adult oriented to draw, to paint Xuande have children, but not much. But in the Chenghua years boys and young men painted themes to more. I just mean that two lines called the chord text. In the early Ming, mainly Hongwu, Yongle no lane, or one, or a painting of flowers, two chords Wen Xuande start from there. Further identification to the attention of caps that when this thing began to appear, it is very important. Before the advent of the things in it if it had not appeared when the feature, then certainly false. This is the emergence of two chords Xuande text. Another feature is that the two lines a light a heavy weight on top of the light below. This feature alone from Xuande, to the Chenghua obviously, but to the less obvious when Hongzhi, did not go down after this feature it. So I made up a jingle, called: "Xuande have bilateral lines, Chenghua rules rely on the bottom edge, on-line under strong light fine until Hongzhi also visible." "As Philip regardless of" indeed difficult points, but some minor areas can still see the difference. For example, the Chenghua period of the suit is "blue pan schungite" while Koji relatively Chenghua period is necessary to suit paler; Chenghua period colors are gray-blue, and Hongzhi Period tone seemed more deep, Koji period Bambi iron and cobalt appear to be more fully integrated. We have just talked about equality in the mid-Qing Ming. Let me say three things: First, on the question just talked about bubbles. Observation bubble, is the origin of Mr. Yu Sunlao, but Sunlao referring Chenghua period porcelain, porcelain Sunlao other periods did not say, but this thing I asked Mr. Geng, Geng said Sunlao not talked anything else. I have carefully observed the bubble, only Chenghua porcelain features particularly evident during other periods of porcelain bubbles can not find the law. So I was asked to see bubbles okay, I can only say that your own summary, if you sum up, I want to learn anyway, I did not summed up. Second, the tire colors. Since the firing process is different tire color is also different. Generally speaking, the Ming tire color is red meat, the Qing Dynasty was pale. You look at the sun, fetal Zihou invisible, thin completely visible. Pan Ming inside who are red meat, the Qing Dynasty was pale, and this is the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty porcelain porcelain tires different colors. If someone brought a Chenghua porcelain, relatively thin, and you really do not see to see the inside, as long as the Pale is false. Thirdly, on the inner knuckle. Angular inner wall is the angle between the bottom face and foot. This angle inside a plot glaze, glazed, when product is more than, more later on showing a blue shrimp. This is often before the mid-Ming, now imitate also noticed this problem. However, the product of imitation goods glaze and enamel genuine plot there are two differences. First, it is not blue but pale green prawns, shrimp, blue is even able to close the pan. Second, some of the Ming Dynasty shrimp narrow blue line, then imitation is wide.

Emperor has a "Sannomiya six homes seventy-two concubines" only Hongzhi - Zhu tang is only one queen, and he had only one son Jiaozhu Houzhao. This child spoiled, Hongzhi was dead, he became emperor Zhengde. 17-year-old died throne 34 years, a total of 16 years when the emperor. The Zhengde Emperor inaction, mainly fathers ate the family property. So he does not have any contribution in porcelain. But once Masanori porcelain production or inherited Chenghua legacy. Speaking from the blue and white porcelain, porcelain with Hongzhi Zhengde early porcelain similar, but Zhengde period some more spots appear, equality green is gone. Also at this time there were two new green material, called Huiqing, and another called Danzi Qing. It is said Huiqing produced in the Western Regions, where I do not know specifically.

Zhengde period there are some new things, there is a new style, such as Kam pier, penholder, five for the Buddha, are from Masanori start there. In exhausted, the emergence of Tibetan and palindrome palindrome mainly Arabic. In addition, former imitation stuff from Masanori begins. Here I want to talk about the difference between fake and imitation goods, imitation goods from academia speaking called "sustenance." Zhengde Emperor to reverence of his predecessors, so imitation Xuande porcelain. Now imitations and fakes difference is the price, this bowl is imitation Chenghua, selling the market, and that is true. If you buy it at Chenghua price on injustice. Such a distinction is because porcelain is not fake, as long as the price is reasonable not called fakes. This is my view on the fakes, only for your reference.

Ming Jiajing, Khanh, the Wanli emperor three accounted for a total of 99 years, nearly a century. In the history of Ming porcelain is also a prominent stage, the emergence of many new devices shaped tattoo also increased. Boutique kilns and the kiln are similar, the most prominent is the use of Huiqing. Huiqing is Zhengde period occurs, according to records, Huiqing imported green material. Huiqing high content of manganese oxide, and iron oxide content is very low. Huiqing feature is the "scattered and not revenue", is to spend the dispersion, so it must be used in conjunction with Danzi Qing. Danzi Qing is characterized by color, "Shen without bright", lingers. The scattered and dispersed in mixed use, there is a little green coloration in the Pan-Purple. However, according to historical records, the ingredients ratio is different, divided on the Green, CY, Youth three levels. Mainly used for mixing water on the Green, the color brighter; CY for color, the pen road clear. This is a new kind of porcelain painting techniques, called "Shuang'gou coloring" is Chenghua period occurs. Is to first draw two lines, color heavier, and then add the two lines between the lighter color. To Jingdezhen called "troubled waters." Chenghua period as "Shuang'gou coloring" painting techniques just appeared, so it was not ripe, when the Shuang'gou fill fill sketched almost the same color, and sometimes hard to tell. To Khanh period, techniques and ingredients are ripe for the best painting is Khanh towards the period. Pointing to the tiles during the piece is Khanh is truly kiln. Khanh the choice of materials, refined techniques are very skillful, so the color is pure green material stability in the pan blue coloration is purple, bright strong colors, reaching the pinnacle of the realm. It is used Shuang'gou fill. It is very fluent lines freely, contour line and fill colors very coordinated, tire repair is also very neat. Weaver blue white glaze, the glaze layer slightly thick, glazed nourish, smooth and clean. Foot-sixth double inside is the "big Longqing years made" kaishu, center brush, frustrated and powerful structure solemn rigorous. I repeat a question, pointing to the Yongle period porcelain that is, the bottom foot white glaze inside, the quality is far better than the body. To the mid-Ming, its bottom glaze and glaze the body exactly the same, to the bottom of it in the late glaze finish and brightness utensils themselves better than good, not only kiln, kilns boutique as well.

I am introducing today are relatively minor areas, engage in identifying a breakthrough from the point to the surface, small place can reflect right and wrong. Now, no matter how fake imitations, certainly at some point and that time is not the same. Glaze from the bottom point of view, regardless of the word not the word, and the body, like, I never put it on in the late Ming. If the end of the glaze glaze better than the body, it is impossible to put it in the mid-Ming, considering it was only in the late Ming. To Wanli, Huiqing although still in use, the tone is almost as before, but in other ways to die. The so-called decline is from the Ming Dynasty Wanli began, the entire community also followed the decline of porcelain production decline, but this time the source of Huiqing has gradually gone. So in the mid-Ming Dynasty, porcelain quality is getting worse, to the late, most of the porcelain has been bland.

In the Ming Dynasty period and there were two green material. Ming Liu called beads, and another called Zhejiang material, these two materials are made in China. Zhu Ming material produced in Yunnan, Zhejiang material produced in Zhejiang. Zhuming material has appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, until modern Zhuming material is still in use. Both materials can be divided into upper, middle and lower three levels, cobalt, manganese content is high, low iron content, hair color is very stable.

Zhejiang is the green coloring material in reddening, Huiqing material is in the pan blue purple, which is the difference between two kinds of material. In Tianqi period is mainly used materials and beads ming Liu Zhe. At this point the blue and white of the material broken down into several Levels, is to separate the shades of blue and white material. In the "Fill Shuang'gou" has just appeared, only two color shades ceded to the apocalypse when it can be divided in five colors called multicolored blue and white. As Levels more, richer picture of expression. Pointing to a tile that is called "dragon and phoenix bowl." Blue and white coloration is gray-blue to dark blue-based, which in some places blurred. It's a little red glowing gray-blue, bluish-white glaze was, outside painting a dragon and a phoenix, inside painting is a sheep, the sheep is now in the Shang Dynasty, "Xiang", so I The bowl is called "dragon and phoenix bowl." Fan Qing Emperor Kangxi glazed been extended to two years before this all places Fan Qing porcelain white. To Kangxi years later, glazed are white. If you bring a whole Ming Dynasty porcelain is white, you will not believe it. Has come up with a porcelain bowl which is fishing graphic, it's style is very good, it is a colorful blue and white blue and white, the picture of the near and far are shown. The Kangxi previous screens, basically plane without depth.

Existing a chemical product called "cobalt", and its high content of cobalt, hair color calm, do not faint scattered, coloring dull, dead, picture appears stiff. So with "cobalt oxide" imitation Ming works, no taste, slightly raw youth who spend a glance.

Blue and White Porcelain Gift Fair culture with Chinese characteristics into the gift market, "faint"

Blue and white, with a kind of tranquil and elegant beauty, as an important representative of Chinese culture, the combination of oriental art and culture of the many charm. In ancient China, porcelain has been a scholarly family, courtiers essential decorations, is a symbol of identity and status. As descendants of the people on blue and white also has a kind of deep attachment, because of this, for the gift market with blue and white elements gift always favored by consumers. Therefore, more and more companies began to vigorously develop blue gift series gifts for the gift market has brought a touch of elegant and tasteful. For a time, can be described as common practice.

As the mainstream of Chinese porcelain blue and white varieties, has been known for its elegant colors, exquisite craftsmanship, favored by collectors and the general public. In order to allow residents to learn more about the blue and white porcelain, Fuzhou has been with the museum exhibition "Maritime Silk Road cities in eight cities in eight exhibition" The launch of the second series of classroom activities paper-cut blue and white porcelain plate. Paper-cut blue and white porcelain, with its unique artistic show hollow porcelain beautiful shape and exquisite ornamentation bottle, looked lightweight carved, beautiful.


In many areas of social life, blue and white custom gift increasingly favored by people. Mainly blue and white porcelain business gift content, along with rising standards of people's lives, porcelain products are more value-added blue and white porcelain gift expanding consumer level. To win a growing market, come to win more "knowledgeable" consumers. Blue and white porcelain gift companies how to custom fit? Longxing Pen Industry experts believe that the blue and white porcelain gift now and in the future for a long period of arduous task for many blue and white porcelain business, only standing on the perspective of the future today, to go further.


Blue and white porcelain gift purer trace quietly gorgeous, pure in showing casual complicated. Blue bucket Yan, America porcelain such as people. Speaking of blue and white porcelain, collectors are always endless. It combines in a beautiful and elegant, so the clash of the two words is reflected in the blue and white collectibles on, but it seems so harmonious. Cobalt blue is the use of natural materials in decorative painting on a white clay, and then cover with a transparent glaze, and then fired at high temperatures, so that full penetration of pigment in the glaze among the verdant rendered blue pattern. Ancient porcelain pure and honest, it simply coloring, put pen to paper and purer, mostly in Chinese ink stained cracked rub hook special blooming


If you have the impression that leather seats still remain in the original color of the monotony and a single impression, then you're wrong, yellow, blue, green, purple, today's market colorful leather seats. Which is one of the most attractive in the Nama faint. In the 94 sessions of acupuncture session, Chongqing Tashan booth, romantic and warm bed surface covered with a blue and white circle pattern leather mat is very eye-catching, light blue blue and white, so that the original single tone leather seats seem vibrant, visitors have stopped to watch. The person in charge of the booth proudly told the editor, this is their patented product, this year's main product, suitable as a luxury gift to give, without losing the charm of the atmosphere.


Blue and white porcelain, began in the Yuan Dynasty, prevailed so far, seemingly single color blue, but which it has a much deeper meaning, most top can be divided into colored blue and white, which is representing the transit of life was clear, see through all of tolerance and wisdom. It seems at present worry, gift companies use this element to make your own blue and white with competitors' products on the market to distinguish firmly, is undoubtedly a good breakout direction. But what is more important is blue and white culture can not dig just stay on the surface, the designer to re-interpretation of the blue and white elements, the need for Chinese traditional culture has its own thinking and perception, so as to innovate in succession, so that in both blue and white gift oriental culture at the same time with the perfect blend of modern fashion, becoming deeply moving gift market Nama "faint."